LED的发明者
The Inventor of LED

        当尼克-亚克开始用半导体合金创造一种新的照明设备
        When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor(半导体) alloys(合金),

他的同事们认为他不现实。
his colleagues thought he was unrealistic.

今天，他发现了发光二极管，
Today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes,or LEDs,

从dvd到闹钟再到机场，它都被广泛使用。
is used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports.

他的许多学生继续他的工作，
Dozens of his students have continued his work,

开发用于红绿灯和其他日常技术的照明。
developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.


        在2004年4月23日，
        On April 23,2004,

亚克在华盛顿的一个仪式上获得了50万美元的Lemelson-MIT（麻省理工学院-莱默逊）奖。
Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington.

这是麻省理工学院(MIT)的Lemelson-MIT项目，将该奖项授予杰出发明家的第10个年头。
This marks the 10th year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has given the award to prominent inventors.


        亚克说:“任何时候你获奖，无论大小，总是一个惊喜。”
        “Anytime you get an award, big or little, it's always a surprise," Holonyak said.


        现年75岁的亚克(Holonyak)是20世纪50年代初晶体管发明者约翰·巴丁(John Bardeen)的学生
        Holonyak,75,was a student of John Bardeen, an inventor of the transistor(晶体管),in the early 1950s.

研究生毕业后，亚克(Holonyak)在贝尔实验室工作。后来他去了通用电气公司，
After graduate school, Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to General Electric,

他发明了一种开关，现在广泛用于家用调光开关。
where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches.

后来，亚克(Holonyak)开始研究如何利用半导体产生光。
Later, Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light.

但当他的同事们在研究如何产生不可见的光时，
But while his colleagues were looking into how to generate invisible light,

他想产生可见光。
he wanted to generate visible light.

他在1962年发明的led，现在的寿命是白炽灯泡的10倍，
The LEDs he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs,

而且更环保，更划算。
and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.


        亚克(Holonyak)现在是伊利诺斯大学的电子、计算机工程和物理学教授，
        Holonyak,now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois,

他猜想led会像今天一样普及，
said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace(平凡的) as they are today,

但没有意识到它们有多少用途。
but didn't realize how many uses they would have.


        “一开始你就不知道。
        “You don't know in the beginning.

你觉得你在做重要的事，你觉得值得做，
You think you're doing something important,you think it's worth doing,

但你真的不知道大的回报会是什么，何时，如何。
but you really can't tell what the big payoff(成果) is going to be,and when, and how.

你就是不知道，”他说。
You just don't know," he said.


        Lemelson-MIT项目还授予75岁的Edith Flanigen 10万美元的Lemelson MIT终身成就奖，
        The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen, 75,with the $100,000 Lemelson MIT Lifetime Achievement Award

表彰她在新一代“分子滤网”上的工作，这种 “分子滤网” 可以根据大小分离分子。
for the work on a new generation of “ molecular(分子) sieves(滤网)” that can separate molecules by size.


当Holonyak开始他的led研究时，他的同事们认为他会失败
1. Holonyak's colleagues thought he would fail in his research on LEDs at the time when he started it.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

查看解释

Holonyak相信，他的学生在这个项目上与他一起工作，迟早会获得麻省理工学院的Lemelson奖。
2. Holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the Lemelson MIT Prize sooner or later.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

查看解释

Holonyak是20世纪50年代早期晶体管的发明者。
3. Holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

查看解释

用于交通信号灯的led是由Holonyak的学生开发的。
4. LEDs used in traffic lights are developed by Holonyak's students.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

查看解释

当Holonyak发明led时，他相信它们会有广泛的用途。
5. When Holonyak invented LEDs,he believed that they would have a wide range of uses.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

查看解释

Holonyak说，你不应该做任何你不感兴趣的事情。
6. Holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

查看解释

led比白炽灯更环保。
7. LEDs are more environmentally friendly than incandescent bulbs.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

查看解释

Holonyak很惊讶地获得了Lemelson-MIT奖。
8. Holonyak was surprised to receive the Lemelson-MIT Prize.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

查看解释

Edith Flanigen也因为他在led方面的工作被授予Lemelson-MIT奖。
9. Edith Flanigen was also awarded Lemelson-MIT Prize for his work on LEDs.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

查看解释

Lemelson-MIT奖有超过100年的历史
10. The Lemelson-MIT Prize has a history of over 100 years
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

查看解释

摩天大楼与环境
Skyscrapers and Environment

        60年代后期，许多北美人把注意力转向了环境问题，
        In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems,

那些崭新的玻璃钢铁摩天大楼也受到了广泛的批评。
and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized.

生态学家指出，城市中密集的高层建筑经常给公共交通和停车场的承载能力造成过重的负担
Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities

摩天大楼也是电力的奢侈消费者和浪费者。
Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters,of electric power.

最近一年，摩天大楼新增了1700万平方英尺的办公空间
In one recent year,the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space

纽约市将每日用电高峰提高了12万千瓦——足够供纽约的整个奥尔巴尼市使用一天。
in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120,000 kilowatts--enough to supply the entire city of Albany,New York, for a day.


        玻璃幕墙的摩天大楼尤其浪费。
        Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful.

穿过半英寸的平板玻璃墙壁损失(或增加)的热量是加入绝缘板的石墙的十倍以上
The heat loss (or gain) through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board(隔热板).

为减轻暖气及空调设备的压力，
To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment,

摩天大楼的建造者们已经开始使用双层玻璃镶板，
builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass,

还有镀上银色或金色反光薄膜的反光玻璃，可以减少刺眼的强光和热量的增加。
and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain.

然而，摩天大楼的镜子墙会提高周围空气的温度，并影响到邻近的建筑物。
However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.


        摩天大楼也给城市的卫生设施带来了严重的压力。
        Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities, too.

单单纽约市的二个世界贸易中心大楼如果完全被占满的话，每年就会产生225万加仑（容量单位）的未经处理的污水
If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year,

相当于美国康涅狄格州的斯坦福市的规模，后者人口超过10.9万。
as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut, which has a population of more than 109,000.

这篇文章的主要目的是
11. The main purpose of the passage is to _____.
A. discuss the advantages and disadvantages of skyscrapers 讨论摩天大楼的优点和缺点
B. compare skyscrapers with other modern structures 把摩天大楼和其他现代建筑比较一下
C. describe skyscrapers and their effect on the environment 描述摩天大楼及其对环境的影响
D. illustrate various architectural designs of skyscrapers 说明各种摩天大楼的建筑设计

查看解释

根据文章，有镜像墙的摩天大楼的一个缺点是什么?
12. According to the passage, what is one disadvantage of skyscrapers that have mirrored walls?
A. The exterior surrounding air is heated. 外部周围的空气被加热。
B. The building materials are very expensive. 这些建筑材料很贵。
C. Construction time is increased. 施工时间增加。
D. Extra air-conditioning equipment is needed 需要额外的空调设备

查看解释

根据文章，60年代后期，北美的一些居民关心摩天大楼的哪一方面?
13. According to the passage, which aspect of skyscrapers were some residents of North America concerned with in the late 1960’s?
A. The poor reception of radio and TV signals. 收音机和电视信号接收不良。
B. The removal of trees and grass from building sites. 清除建筑工地上的树木和草。
C. The harmful effects on the city's plans. 对城市计划的有害影响。
D. The obstruction of air traffic. 空中交通的阻塞

查看解释

最关心摩天大楼的人群是下列哪一组?
14. Which of the following groups would the skyscraper issue most concern?
A. Electricians. 电工
B. Environmentalists. 环保人士
C. City planners. 城市规划者
D. Television viewers. 电视观众

查看解释

根据文章，下列哪项是正确的?
15. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Skyscrapers provide more usable space than other buildings 摩天大楼比其他建筑物提供更多的可用空间
B. The skyscrapers first appeared in the late 1960's. 摩天大楼最早出现在20世纪60年代末。
C. Where there are skyscrapers,television reception is poor. 在有摩天大楼的地方，电视信号很差。
D. The two World Trade Center towers are skyscrapers. 世贸中心的两座塔楼是摩天大楼。

查看解释

新加坡
Singapore

新加坡是东南亚一个独立的城市国家
1. Singapore is an independent city-state in southeastern Asia,

它由一个主要岛屿——新加坡岛——和50多个小岛组成，
consisting of one major island-the Singapore island--and more than 50 small islands,

位于马来西亚的南端。
located off the southern tip of Malay.

新加坡是该国的首都，位于新加坡岛的东南端;
The city of Singapore, the capital of the country, is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island;

是东南亚最重要的港口城市和商业中心之一。
it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia.

这个共和国的总面积是640平方公里。
The total area of the republic is 640 sq. km.


新加坡岛地势低洼，没有突出的地形特征。
2. Low-lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief(轮廓鲜明的) features.

中部的丘陵最高可达176米。
A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176 m.

该国属热带湿润气候，年平均气温27.20摄氏度。
The country has a wet tropical climate with an average annual temperature of 27.20 °C.

年平均降雨量为2.413毫米，多雨月份为11月至1月。
The average annual rainfall is 2.413 mm. the wettest months are November through January.


新加坡是在1959年的宪法下治理的。
3. Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959.

总统，任期四年，是国家元首，总理是政府首脑。
A president, elected to a four-year term, is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government.

总统由议会选举产生，
The president used to be selected by Parliament ,

但到1991年宪法修正案,总统由人民直接选举产生。
but by 1991 constitutional amendment (修正案),the president is now elected directly by the people.

议会是立法机构，其81名成员是民选产生的
The Parliament is the law-making body with its 81 members popularly elected.


20世纪80年代末，全国共有小学290所，学生27.83万人，中学160所，学生20.02万人。
4. In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 Secondary schools with 200.200 students.

主要的高等教育机构有新加坡国立大学，
The main institutions of higher education are the National University of Singapore,

有几所技术学院，和一所师范学院。
several technical colleges,and a teachers college.


新加坡是亚洲生活水平最高的国家之一。
5. Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia.

20世纪80年代末，散文的国内产值估计为237亿美元。或者每人8.870美元。
In the late 1980s the prose domestic product was estimated at $23.7 billion, or $8.870 per person.

渔业集中在新加坡岛西南部的都灵港。
The fishing industry is centered on the port of During, on southwestern Singapore Island.

自20世纪60年代以来，新加坡的工业发展迅速，现在生产的商品种类繁多，
Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and Singapore now produces a diversity of goods,

包括化学品、电子产品、服装、加工食品等。
including chemicals electronic items, clothing, and processed foods, etc.

造船和石油炼制也很重要。
Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important.

作业 1
Task 1

段落
16. Paragraph __1__. D. General Introduction 总体介绍

段落
17. Paragraph __2__. B. Land and Climate 地带和气候

段落
18. Paragraph __3__. C. State System 国家制度

段落
19. Paragraph __4__. A. Education 教育

段落
20. Paragraph __5__. E. Economy 经济

A. Education 教育
B. Land and Climate 地带和气候
C. State System 国家制度
D. General Introduction 总体介绍
E. Economy 经济
F. Population 人口

作业 2
Task 2
新加坡是亚洲东南部的一个小国， 由50多个岛屿组成
21. Singapore is a small state in the southeast of Asia _____. B. made up of more than 50 islands


根据新加坡宪法，选择国家的总统 不是由议会，而是由人民
22. According to the constitution of Singapore,the president of the state is selected _____. D. not by the Parliament,but by the people

查看解释

与亚洲其他国家的人相比，新加坡 有着更好的生活
23. Compared with people in other Asian countries,the Singapore _____. A. live a better life

查看解释

有几所技术学院，还有一所更高级的教育师范学院
24. Several technical colleges, and a teachers college are part of _____. C. Higher education institute

查看解释

虽然新加坡很小，但它有自己的产业，而且可以生产各种商品
25. Though small,Singapore has an industry of its own and can _____. E. produce goods of various kinds

查看解释

A. live a better life 过更好的生活
B. made up of more than 50 islands 由50多个岛屿组成
C. Higher education institute 更高级的教育机构
D. not by the Parliament,but by the people 不是由议会，而是由人民
E. produce goods of various kinds 生产各种商品
F. have a big population 人口多

迈克尔·杰克逊——跌宕起伏
Michael Jackson--the Ups and Downs

        迈克尔·杰克逊，九个孩子中的第七个，
        Michael Jackson, the seventh of nine children,

1964年和他的兄弟们开始了他的音乐生涯。 他们自称杰克逊五兄弟。
started his musical career with his brothers in 1964. __26__ A. They called themselves the Jackson Five.

迈克尔很快成为人们关注的焦点
Michael quickly became the centre of attention.


        在接下来的几年里，这支乐队发行了一首又一首的热门歌曲，成为摩城最成功的组合。
        During the following years the band released hit after hit and became the most successful Motown group.

1975年，杰克逊五兄弟(Jackson Five)决定离开摩城，到哥伦比亚广播公司(CBS)唱片公司赚更多的钱。
In 1975 the Jackson Five decided to leave Motown for more money at CBS records.


        年轻的迈克尔还在乐队的时候就开始了他的独唱生涯。
        Young Michael began his solo(独唱) career while he was still with the group.

1982年，随着他最畅销的专辑《thriller》的问世，他迎来了巨大的突破。
His big breakthrough came in 1982 with the arrival of his biggest selling album, Thriller.

这张专辑有七首热门单曲，并因其视频剪辑而出名。
The album had seven hit singles and became famous for its video clip.


        迈克尔·杰克逊不仅是一个伟大的歌手，他也做了疯狂的事情
        __27__ D. Michael Jackson was not only a great singer, he also did crazy things

1984年，他在洛杉矶为一个商业广告点燃了自己的头发。
In 1984 he set his hair on fire for a commercial in Los Angeles.

他受伤了，用担架抬了出来
He was injured and carried out on a stretcher (担架).

这个故事和许多其他关于杰克逊的奇怪故事使他获得了“怪人杰克”的绰号
This and many other strange stories about Jackson brought him the nickname Wacko Jack(怪人杰克).

尽管如此，他的唱片销量还是上升了。
Nevertheless the sales of his records went up.


        《黑与白》是1991年专辑《危险》中最受欢迎的歌曲。
        Black and White was the biggest hit of the 1991 album Dangerous.

在他的专辑宣传期间，他邀请了美国脱口秀主持人奥普拉·温弗瑞到梦幻岛
During the promotion of his album he invited US talk master Oprah Winfrey to Neverland (梦幻岛).

在那里，他让世人了解了他的私生活。
There he gave the world insights into his private life.

他说他很孤独。他还承认自己做过整形手术
__28C. He said that he was lonely. __ And he also admitted that he had undergone plastic surgery.


        1993年，流行天王被指控骚扰儿童
        In 1993 the King of Pop was accused of harassing(骚扰) children,

但与13岁男孩的父母达成和解，使他免于牢狱之灾。
but a settlement with the 13-year old's parents saved him from prison.

第二年，杰克逊与丽莎·玛丽·普雷斯利结婚。
__29__ B. The following year Jackson married Lisa Marie Presley.

但不幸的是，这对夫妇一年半后分手了。
But unluckily,the couple separated a year and a half later.


        到20世纪90年代中期，杰克逊的人气开始下降。
        By the mid 1990s Jackson's popularity had started to fall.

《历史》这部唱片精选了最热门的歌曲再加上几张新唱片。
History was a collection of greatest hits plus a few new recordings.

这位流行歌手在全英音乐奖上演唱了他的第一单曲《地球之歌》，
The pop star appeared at the Brit Awards to perform his number one single Earth Song,

和一群孩子在一起。
together with a group of children.


        他与护士黛博拉·罗(Deborah Rowe)的第二次婚姻育有一子迈克尔(Michael)和一女巴黎(Paris)。
        A second marriage with Nurse Deborah Rowe produced a son Michael and a daughter Paris.


        杰克逊的低迷延续到了新世纪。
        __30__ F. Jackson's downturn continued into the new millennium.

《无敌》这张专辑花了将近6年时间才完成
It took almost 6 years to finish the album Invincible.

但当它在2001年发行时，它只在排行榜上停留了6周
But when it was released in 2001, it was only in the charts(排行榜) for six weeks.


        2009年3月，杰克逊宣布他将最后一次登上舞台，震惊了流行音乐界。
        In March 2009 Jackson surprised the pop world by announcing were that he would go on stage one last time.

连续的十场演唱会，绝对是他最后的几场，
A series of ten concerts,definitely his last ones,

计划于2009年7月在伦敦的O2体育场举行。
were planned for July 2009 in the O2 Arena in London.

但在2009年6月25日，在他原定开始一系列复出演唱会前不到一个月，
But on June 25,2009,less than a month before he was scheduled to begin a series of comeback concerts,

医护人员被呼叫到迈克尔·杰克逊在洛杉矶附近霍尔比山的租来的房子，在那里他们发现他失去了意识，没有反应。
paramedics were called to Michael Jackson's rented home in Holby Hills near Los Angeles where they found him unconscious and not responding.

他们未能救活这位“流行天王”，杰克逊在洛杉矶医疗中心被宣布死亡。
They were unable to revive the “King of Pop,”and Jackson was pronounced dead at the L. A. Medical Center.


A. They called themselves the Jackson Five. 他们自称杰克逊五兄弟。
B. The following year Jackson married Lisa Marie Presley. 第二年，杰克逊与丽莎·玛丽·普雷斯利结婚。
C. He said that he was lonely. 他说他很孤独。
D. Michael Jackson was not only a great singer,he also did crazy things 迈克尔·杰克逊不仅是一个伟大的歌手，他也做了疯狂的事情
E. Elizabeth Taylor and Michael Jackson were two peas in one odd pod. 伊丽莎白·泰勒(Elizabeth Taylor)和迈克尔·杰克逊(Michael Jackson)形影不离。
F. Jackson's downturn continued into the new millennium. 杰克逊的低迷延续到了新千年。

存钱
Saving Money

        你在哪里存钱通常取决于你存钱的目的。
        Where you save your money often depends on what you are saving for.

如果你存钱是为了买一本字典或去听音乐会，
If you are saving to buy a dictionary or to go to a concert,

那么你可能把钱放在房间里的某个地方。
then you probably keep your money __31 J. somewhere__ in your room.

        如果你正在为买一辆山地车或学校旅行而存钱
        If you are __32 K. saving__ for a big purchase like a mountain bike or a school trip,

你会在哪里省钱?
where would you save your money?


        存钱的一个地方就是银行。
        One place to save money is the bank.

把钱放在储蓄账户里会帮助你挣更多的钱
Putting your money in a savings account will help your money __33 D. earn__ more money.

如果你把钱放在存钱罐里
If you put your money in a piggy bank(猪形储蓄罐),

一年后你仍然有相同数量的钱。
one year later you'll still have the __34 B. same__ amount of money you put in.

如果你把钱存在储蓄账户里
If you put your money in a savings account,

一年后，你会有比你存进去时更多的钱。为什么?
one year later, you'll have more money than you put in. Why?


        当你把钱存在银行的时候，你的钱能赚利息。
        When you keep your money in a __35 C. bank__ , your money earns interest.

利息是银行支付给你，使用你的钱的报酬。
__36 I. interest__ is the amount of money a bank pays you to use your money.

银行用你的钱(还有其他人的钱)贷款给个人和企业。
The bank uses your money (and the money of other people, too) to loan money to people and businesses.

        另一种省钱的方法是买定期存单。
        Another way you can save money is to buy a certificate of deposit or CD.

如果你有一些钱，你不需要持续使用它
If you have some money that you don't need to use for a __37 A. long__ time,

这是让你的钱增长的好方法
this is a good way to make your money __38 F. grow__.


        因为银行在那段时间用你的钱，它将付给你利息
        Since the bank is using your money for that time period, it will __39 E. pay__ you interest.

定期存款比储蓄存款利息高。
You will earn more interest with a CD than in a savings account.

你能猜到原因吗?因为你承诺把钱存在银行一段时间。
Can you guess why? It's because you promise to leave your money in the bank for a certain period of time.

银行支付不同的利率
Banks pay __40 H. different__ rates of interest.

A. long 长时间的
B. same 相同的
C. bank 银行
D. earn 赚得
E. pay 支付
F. grow 发展
G. inside 在……里面
H. different 不同的
I. interest 利息
J. somewhere 在某处
K. saving 存款
L. raise 提高

手机:挂断还是继续通话?
Cell Phones : Hang Up or Keep Talking?

        今天数以百万计的人在使用手机。
        Millions of people are using cell phones today.

在很多地方，实际上不使用手机被认为是不寻常的
In many places it is actually considered __41 unusual__(usual) not to use one.

查看解释

他们发现手机不仅仅是一种通信手段
They find that the phones are more than a means of __42 communication__(communicate),

查看解释

有了手机就可以证明他们很酷，而且互相联系
having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and __43 connected__(connect).

查看解释

        全球手机使用的爆炸式增长让一些健康专业人士感到担忧。
        The __44 explosions__(explode) around the world in mobile phone use make some health professional worried.

查看解释

一些医生担心将来许多人可能因为使用手机而出现健康问题。
Some doctors are __45 concerned__(concern) that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones.

查看解释

在英国，关于这个问题有过一场严肃的辩论。
In England there has been a serious debate about this issue.

移动电话公司担心这种想法的负面宣传
Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative __46 publicity__(public) of such ideas.

查看解释

他们说没有证据表明手机对你的健康有害
They say that there is no __47 proof__(prove) that mobile phones are bad for your health.

查看解释

        另一方面，大脑和头部问题的变化迹象可以被现代扫描设备检测到
        On the other hand, signs of change in the issues of the brain and head can be __48 detected__(detect) with modern scanning equipment.

查看解释

是什么使得手机有潜在的危害
What is it that makes mobile phones __49 potentially__( potential) harmful?

查看解释

答案是辐射。
The answer is radiation.


        关于他们安全的讨论还在继续，
        As the discussion about their safety continues,

结论是最好是少用手机
it appears that it's best to use mobile phones less often.

如果你想长时间通话，就用你的固定电话。
Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time.

只在真正需要的时候才使用手机。
Use your mobile phone only when you really need it.

手机可以非常有用和方便，特别是在紧急情况下。
Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies.

在未来，手机可能有一个警告标签，说它们对你的健康有害
In the future, mobile phones may have a __50 warning__(warn) label that says they are bad for your health.

查看解释

所以现在，不要太频繁地使用手机是明智的。
So for now,it’s wise not to use your mobile phone too often.


可可树，成熟的红色豆荚，生长在美国，非洲，印度尼西亚
1. cacao tree, ripe red pods, grown in S.America, Africa, Indonesia

豆荚收获，白色的可可豆
2. pods harvested, white cocoa beans

豆豉
3. beans fermented

在阳光下晒干
4. spread in the sun to dry

放在大袋子里
5. put in large sacks

用火车或卡车运输的
6. transported by train or lorry

带到工厂
7. taken to factory

把豆子烤熟
8. beans roasted

把豆子压碎，去掉外壳
9. beans crushed, outer shell removed

放进容器内挤压，生产出巧克力液体
10. inner part pressed, liquid chocolate produced


        这个图表解释了制作巧克力的过程
        The diagram explains the process for the making of chocolate.

这个过程总共有十个阶段，
There are a total of ten stages in the process,

从可可树上的豆荚开始生长到巧克力的生产。
beginning with the growing of the pods on the cacao trees and culminating in the production of the chocolate.

        首先，可可豆来自可可树，
        To begin, the cocoa comes from the cacao tree,

这种植物生长在南美洲和非洲大陆以及印度尼西亚?
which is grown in the South American and African continents and the country of Indonesia?

一旦豆荚成熟变红，
Once the pods are ripe and red,

他们被收获，白可可豆被摘走。
they are harvested and the white cocoa beans are removed.

经过一段时间的发酵，
Following a period of fermentation,

然后把它们放在一个大托盘上，这样它们就可以在阳光下晒干。
they are then laid out on a large tray so they can dry under the sun.

然后，它们被装进大袋子送到工厂。
Next, they are placed into large sacks and delivered to the factory.

然后在350度的温度下烘烤，
They are then roasted at a temperature of 350 degrees,

然后将豆子碾碎，从外壳中分离出来。
after which the beans are crushed and separated from their outer shell.

在最后的阶段，剩下的内部部分被压扁，巧克力就生产出来了。
In the final stage, this inner part that is left is pressed and the chocolate is produced.