卷子（六）Paper Six

为什么母语学得这么好
Why Is the Native Language Learnt So Well

        为什么孩子们的母语学得这么好?
        How does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so well?

当我们把他们和学习外语的成年人比较时，
When we compare them with adults learning a foreign language,

我们经常发现这个有趣的事实。
we often find this interesting fact.

一个没有知识或经验的小孩常常能完全掌握这种语言。
A little child without knowledge or experience often succeeds in a complete mastery of the language.

一个心智发育完全的成年人，
A grown-up person with fully developed mental powers,

在大多数情况下，可能会以错误和不正确的指令结束。
in most cases,may end up with a faulty and inexact command.

是什么导致了这种差异?
What accounts for this difference?


        尽管有其他的解释，但在我看来，真正的答案部分在于孩子本身，
        Despite other explanations, the real answer in my opinion lies partly in the child himself,

部分原因在于他周围人的行为。
partly in the behaviour of the people around him.

首先，学习母语的时间是所有时间中最有利的，
In the first place,the time of learning the mother tongue is the most favourable of all,

也就是生命的最初几年。
namely, the first years of life.

孩子从早到晚都能听到别人说话，
A child hears it spoken from morning till night and,

更重要的是，它总是以真实的形式，正确的发音，正确的语调
what is more important, always in its genuine(纯正的) form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation,

并且他使用正确的用词和结构，
and right use of words and right structure.

他吸收了所有的词语和表达方式，这些词语和表达方式就像一股新鲜的泉水涌向他。
He drinks in all the words and expressions which come to him in a fresh, ever bubbling spring.

没有抵抗:完全被同化
There is no resistance: there is perfect assimilation(同化).


        然后，这个孩子，就像它一样，一年都有私人课程
        Then the child has, as it were, private lessons all the year round,

而成人学习语言的学生每周只有有限的时间与他人交流。
while an adult language student has each week a limited number of hours which he generally shares with others.

孩子还有另一个优势:
The child has another advantage:

他能在各种情况下听到这种语言，
he hears the language in all possible situations,

总是伴随着正确的手势和面部表情。
always accompanied by the right kind of gestures and facial expressions.

这里没有什么不自然的东西，就像在学校的语言课上经常发现的那样，
Here there is nothing unnatural,as is often found in language lessons in schools,

当人们谈论六月的冰雪或一月的炎热时。
when one talks about ice and snow in June or scorching(炎热的) heat in January.

孩子听到的通常是他立即感兴趣的东西。
And what a child hears is generally what immediately interests him.

一次又一次，当他试图讲话时，
Again and again, when his attempts at speech are successful,

他的欲望得到了理解和满足。
his desires are understood and fulfilled.


        最后，尽管孩子的“老师”可能没有接受过语言教学培训，
        Finally, though a child’s “teachers” may not have been trained in language teaching,

他们与孩子的关系总是亲密而私人的。
their relations with him are always close and personal.

他们煞费苦心使功课容易学习。
They take great pains to make their lessons easy.


与学习外语的成年人相比，儿童学习母语很容易。
1. Compared with adults learning a foreign language,children learn their native language with ease.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

成年人的知识和智力妨碍他们完全掌握一门外语。
2. Adults’ knowledge and mental powers hinder(妨碍) their complete mastery of a foreign language.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

儿童之所以能学好母语，完全是因为他们的学习环境。
3. The reason why children learn their mother tongue so well lies solely in their environment of learning.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

在生命的最初几年里，大量的听力练习在一定程度上确保了儿童学习母语的成功。
4. Plenty of practice in listening during the first years of life partly ensures children's success of learning their mother tongue.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

学习母语的孩子一年四季都有私人课程的优势。
5. A child learning his native language has the advantage of having private lessons all the year round.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

手势和面部表情可以帮助孩子掌握母语。
6. Gestures and facial expressions may assist a child in mastering his native language.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

与儿童相比，成人语言学习者的学习时间非常短
7. The study hours for adult language learners are very short,compared with the children.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

在学校的语言课上练习的语言通常是不自然的。
8. The language practiced on language lessons in schools is often unnatural.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

孩子的“老师”通常接受过语言教学方面的培训。
9. A child’s “teachers" are usually trained in language teaching.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

不同的孩子学习母语的速度有很大的不同。
10. Different children learn their native languages at sharply different speed.
A. True
B. False
C. Not Given

价格的定义
The Definition of "Price"

        价格决定资源的使用方式。
        Prices determine how resources are to be used.

价格也是有限供应的产品和服务在买方中配给的手段。
They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.

美国的价格体系是复杂的网状结构，包括经济生活中一切产品买卖的价格，也包括无数种服务的价格。
The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services.

包括劳动力、专业人员、交通和公共事业服务。
including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services.

所有这些价格的内在联系构成了价格系统。
The interrelationships of all these prices make up the “system" of prices.

任何特定产品或服务的价格都与一个广泛而复杂的价格体系相联系，在这个体系中，一切似乎都或多或少地取决于其他一切。
The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.


        如果随机挑选一群人，让他们定义“价格”，
        If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price”,

许多人会回答说，价格就是买方根据产品或服务付给卖方的钱数，
many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or,

换句话说，价格是市场交易中约定的产品或服务的货币价值。
in other words,that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.

当然，这个定义就其本身而言是有效的。
This definition is,of course, valid as far as it goes.

要想对任何一笔交易中的价格有一个完整的理解，
For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction,

我们必须知道的远不止所涉及的金额。
much more than the amount of money involved must be known.

买卖双方不仅要熟悉金额，
Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount,

但随着要交换的产品或服务的数量和质量，
but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged,

交易发生和付款的时间和地点，
the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made,

所使用的货币形式，适用于交易的信贷条款和折扣，
the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction,

对产品或服务的保证、送货条款、退换货特权等因素。
guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.

换句话说，买卖双方都应该充分了解所有的因素，包括全部“包裹”的金额，以便他们可以评估一个给定的价格。
In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package” being exchanged for the asked for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.


这篇文章的最佳标题是什么?
11. What is the best title for the passage?
A. The Inherent Weaknesses of the Price System. 价格体系的内在缺陷。
B. The Complexities of the Price System. 价格系统的复杂性。
C. Credit Terms in Transactions. 交易中的信用条款。
D. Resource Allocation and the Public Sector. 资源分配与公营部门。

根据文章，价格系统主要与产品和服务相关
12. According to the passage, the price system is related primarily to _____.
A. labor and education 内部劳动力市场与教育
B. transportation and insurance 国际运输与保险
C. utilities and repairs 公用事业和维修
D. products and services 产品和服务

根据文章，下列哪项因素不会影响产品的价格?
13. According to the passage,which of the following is NOT a factor in the complete understanding of price?
A. Instructions that come with a product. 产品附带的说明。
B. The quantity of a product. 产品的数量。
C. The quality of a product. 产品的质量。
D. Warranties that cover a product. 产品保修。

在文章的最后一个句子中，“they”指的是
14. In the last sentence of the passage,"they” refers to _____.
A. return privileges 返回特权
B. all the factors 各项因子
C. buyer and seller 买方和卖方
D. money 钱

文章后面的段落最有可能讨论
15. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses _____.
A. unusual ways to advertise products 不寻常的产品广告方式
B. types of payment plans for service 服务支付计划的类型
C. theories about how products affect different levels of society 关于产品如何影响社会不同层次的理论
D. how certain elements of a price “package” influence its market value 价格“套餐”的某些因素如何影响其市场价值

雷达
Radar

孩子们喜欢对着高墙大喊大叫，然后听到声音传回来。
1. Children enjoy shouting at a high wall and hearing the sound come back to them.

这些声音被称为回声
These sounds are called echoes(回声).

回声给了我们许多有价值的工具。
Echoes have given us a number of valuable tools.


回声探测仪很早就被用来绘制海底地图。
2. Echo sounding devices were early used in making maps of the ocean floor.

声音或超声波是测定船下海水深度的好工具。
Sounds or ultrasonic(超声的) sounds make good tools for determining how deep the water is under ships.

有时，由于鱼游过或有大型物体存在，超声波测距装置的回声无法工作
Sometimes echoes from ultrasonic distance finding devices were prevented from working by fish swimming past or by the presence of large objects.

所以超声波设备已经被其他工具所取代
So ultrasonic devices have been replaced by other tools


雷达现在是一个熟悉的工具
3. Radar is now a familiar tool.

和其他许多发现一样，这是一个意外的发现。
Like many others it was an unexpected discovery.

它是由两位研究声音交流的研究人员首先观察到的。
It was first observed by two researchers, who were studying sound communication.

他们从华盛顿一条河的一个车站发送信号。
They were sending signals from a station on one side of a river in Washington.

信号直流到河对岸的一辆车那里
DC. to a vehicle across the river.

他们发现他们的信号被过往的船只挡住了。
They discovered that their signals were stopped by passing ships.

他们立刻认识到这个发现的重要性。
They recognized the importance of this discovery at once.


这一切当然只是一个开始，我们现在的雷达就是从这个开始发展起来的。
4. All this was of course just a start, from which our present radar has developed.

事实上，“雷达”这个词的名字来源于“无线电探测和测距”这个词。
The word “radar," in fact, gets its name from the term “radio detection(检测) and ranging".

“测距”是探测物体与雷达装置之间的距离的术语。
“Ranging”is the term for detection of the distance between an object and the radar set.

今天，在我们的科学时代，没有雷达是很难管理的。
Today, in our scientific age,it would be difficult to manage without radar.


雷达的众多用途之一是作为高速公路上的速度控制装置。
5. One of the many uses of radar is as a speed control device on highways.

当一个人驾驶汽车的速度超过限速时，
When a person in an automobile is driving faster than the speed limit,

雷达会清楚地显示这一点，交警可以采取措施阻止他
radar will show this clearly and the traffic police can take measures to stop him


飞行员不能光凭视觉驾驶飞机。
6. A pilot cannot fly a plane by sight alone.

许多情况，如夜间飞行和在浓雾中降落，要求飞行员使用雷达。
Many conditions such as flying at night and landing in dense fog require the pilot to use radar.

人类的眼睛并不擅长判断接近物体的速度，
Human eyes are not very good at determining speeds of approaching objects,

但雷达可以向飞行员显示附近飞机的移动速度。
but radar can show the pilot how fast nearby planes are moving.

任务 1
Task 1

段落
16. Paragraph __1__. Echoes 回声

17. Paragraph __2__. Early Use of Echo Sounding Devices 早期使用回声探测仪

18. Paragraph __3__. Discovery by Chance 偶然的发现

19. Paragraph __4__. Present Radar Is Developed and Used 现有雷达的研制和应用

20. Paragraph __5__. Highway Police 警察巡逻

A. Study of Sound 声音的研究
B. Highway Police 警察巡逻
C. Present Radar Is Developed and Used 现有雷达的研制和应用
D. Early Use of Echo Sounding Devices 早期使用回声探测仪
E. Echoes 回声
F. Discovery by Chance 偶然的发现

任务 2
Task 2

回声探测仪很早就被用来绘制海底地图
21. Echo-sounding devices were early used to __map the ocean floor__.

超声波装置被用来测定海水的深度
22. Ultrasonic devices were used to __determine the depth of the ocean water__.

科学时代需要雷达
23. Scientific age is __in need of radar__.

警察在公路上使用雷达来判断你开车的速度
24. Police use radar on highways to __decide how fast you drive__.

雷达帮助飞行员探测附近的物体
25. Radar helps pilots to __detect nearby objects__.

A. detect nearby objects 发现附近的对象
B. determine the depth of the ocean water 测定海水的深度
C. decide how fast you drive 决定你开车的速度
D. in need of radar 需要雷达
E. map the ocean floor 绘制海底地图
F. observe water flow 观察水流

生活可以是快乐和有意义的
Life Can Be Happy and Meaningful

        不久前，在一所中学的学生中进行了一项民意调查。
        Not long ago, a poll was conducted among students in a middle school.

他们被要求在“一个人不能幸福”和“一个人可以快乐”这两个句子中做出选择。
They were asked to make a choice between these two sentences-“No one can be happy" and “One can be happy".

令人震惊的是，大约60%的学生同意第一种说法。
Shockingly enough ,about 60 percent of the students agreed to the first statement.

但是为了活下去，我们最好告诉自己生活中有幸福。
But to live on,we'd better say to ourselves that there is happiness in life.


        从那时起我就一直在思考这个问题
        __26 E. I have been thinking of this question ever since__

我越想，我越相信，如果我们有一个正确的态度去生活，
The more I think, the more I am convinced that if we have a right attitude towards life,

我们的生活肯定是快乐和有意义的。
our lives can surely be happy and meaningful.


        这是真的，所有人都有一些痛苦的经历。
        It is true that all people have some bitter experiences.

但是，我们的幸福是通过克服困难而产生的。
__27 F. But it is through overcoming hardships that our happiness emerges.__

许多人钦佩居里夫人，并叹息着说，
Many people admire Madam Curie, and say with a sigh,

“如果我能像她一样生活，我就是世界上最幸福的人了。”
"If I could live like her,I would be the happiest person in the world."

但如果我们仔细看看她的生活，
But if we take a close look at her life,

我们会发现她的幸福和她的不幸是紧密相连的。
we will find her happiness is closely connected with her misfortunes.

首先，她没有一个快乐的童年。
First of all,she did not have a happy childhood.

当她在法国的时候，她学习比别人努力两倍，但过着贫穷和简单的生活。
__28 C. When she was in France,she studied twice as hard as others but lived a poor and simple life. __

在她的研究工作中，她不得不夜以继日地熬夜。
In her research work,she had to sit up late night after night.

她也经历了很多失去——她失去了深爱的父亲，
She experienced many losses, too--she lost her beloved father,

她亲爱的丈夫，然后是她的视力。
her dear husband, and later her eyesight.

但她从未抱怨，从未停止为人类的利益而工作。
But she never complained and never stopped working for the benefit of mankind.

这就是为什么她的生活是快乐和有意义的。
That is why her life was happy and meaningful.

她与生活中的苦难和困难作斗争，最终战胜了它们
__29 D. She fought against life's bitterness and difficulties and conquered them all.__


        有些人抱怨他们的工作是微不足道的，因此他们的生活是没有意义的。
        Some people complain that their work is insignificant and thus their lives are meaningless.

但是什么样的工作才有意义呢?
But what kind of work is significant?

工人、农民、教师、科学家，
Worker, peasants, teachers, and scientists,

他们都在为人类的福祉而工作，包括他们自己。
they are all working for the welfare of mankind , themselves included.

这就是生命的意义所在。”
That is where the meaning of life lies."

但是有些人似乎不太重视这样的生活
__30 A. But some people seem to think little of such a life__

有一次，我的一个朋友告诉我，他因为不得不当老师而感到非常苦恼
Once a friend of mine told me he felt very wretched for having to work as a teacher.

“我们的生命可以比作蜡烛。
"Our lives can be compared to candles.

在给别人光明的同时，我们自己却在燃烧。
While giving light to others,we ourselves are burning out.

我们的学生有一天可能会出名，但我们呢?
Our students may become famous one day, but what will become of us?

我们只会保持原来的样子——无名无财。”
We shall only remain what we are--fameless and wealthless."

矛盾的是，我宁愿认为他是在生动地描述一个教师的高尚。
Paradoxically, I would rather think he was giving a vivid description of the nobleness of a teacher.

不同的人对生活的看法可能不同。
Different people may think of life differently.

但有一件事我是肯定的:
But of one thing I am certain:

幸福从不偏爱那些只在乎自己的人，
happiness never favors those who merely care about themselves,

而那些拒绝为他人牺牲任何东西的人无法理解生命的意义。
and the meaning of life cannot be understood by those who refuse to sacrifice anything for others.

A. But some people seem to think little of such a life 但是有些人似乎不太重视这样的生活
B. She awoke to the realities of life. 她意识到生活的现实。
C. When she was in France,she studied twice as hard as others but lived a poor and simple life. 当她在法国的时候，她学习比别人努力两倍，但过着贫穷和简单的生活。
D. She fought against life's bitterness and difficulties and conquered them all. 她与生活中的苦难和困难作斗争，最终战胜了它们。
E. I have been thinking of this question ever since. 从那时起我就一直在思考这个问题。
F. But it is through overcoming hardships that our happiness emerges. 但幸福是通过克服困难而产生的。

足球运动员的伟大之处是什么?
What Makes a Soccer Player Great?

        世界各地有数百万人踢足球，
        Soccer is played by millions of people all over the world,

但真正伟大的球员寥寥无几。
but there have only been few players who were truly great.

这些运动员是如何变成那样的——是通过训练和练习吗
How did these __31 players__ get that way--was it through training and practice,

或者伟大的球员是天生的，而不是后天培养的?
or are great players' born, not made?


        首先，这些球员来自过去有著名球星的地方，这些球员是小男孩可以敬仰并试图模仿的。
        First,these players __32 came__ from places that have had famous stars in the past-players that a young boy can look up to and try to imitate.

在足球史上，只有6个国家赢得过世界杯,
In the history of soccer, only six countries have ever __33 won__the World Cup,

3个来自南美，3个来自西欧。
three from South America and three from Western Europe.

从来没有一个伟大的国家队——或者一个真正伟大的球员——来自北美或亚洲。
There has never been a great national team--or a really great player--from North America or from Asia.

第二，这些球员在比赛中都有多年的练习。
Second, these players have all had years of __34 practice__ in the game.

阿尔弗雷多·迪·斯特凡诺(Alfredo Di Stefano)是一名足球运动员的儿子，贝利也是。
Alfredo Di Stefano was the son of a soccer player, as was Pele.

大多数玩家在三岁或四岁时开始玩游戏
Most players begin playing the game at the __35 age__ of three or four.

最后，许多伟大的球员都来自同样的圈子——贫穷，
__36 finally__, many great players come from the same kind of neighborhood-a poor,

拥挤的地方，一个男孩的梦想不是成为医生、律师或商人，
crowded area where a boy's __37 dream__ is not to be a doctor,lawyer,or businessman,

而是为了变得富有，成为著名的运动员或艺人。
but to become rich,famous athlete or entertainer.

例如，利物浦是甲壳虫乐队的发源地
For example, Liverpool which produced the Beatles (甲壳虫乐队),

他们是近年来英国最好的足球队之一。
had one of the best English soccer teams in __38 recent__ years.

贝利在街上用破布做的“球”练习
Pele practiced in the street with a "ball" made of rags (破布).

所有伟大的球员都有很多共同点
All great players have a lot in __39 common__,

但这并不能解释为什么它们如此伟大。
but that doesn't explain why they are great.

数以百计的男孩在那些布莱叶街道上玩耍，但只有一个成为了贝利。
Hundreds of boys played in those Brailian streets, but only one became Pele.

最伟大的球员天生就有一些独特的品质，使他们有别于所有其他人。
The greatest players are born with some __40 unique__ quality that sets them apart from all the others.

A. dream 梦想
B. won 赢得（win的过去式和过去分词）
C. practice 练习
D. age 年龄
E. came 来自
F. therefore 因此
G. recent 最近的
H. finally 最后
I. unique 独特的
J. players 队员
K. common 共同的
L. got 得到

美国人如何打发空闲时间?
How do Americans Spend Their Free Time?

        美国人用各种不同的方式度过他们的空闲时间
        Americans spend their free time in __41 various__(variety) ways.

人们喜欢搭建东西和缝制自己的衣服
People enjoy building things and __42 sewing__(sew) their own clothes.

他们做这些事情是为了乐趣和经济
They do these things for fun and for __43 economy__(economic).

2500万成年人继续接受教育，
25 million adults continue their education,

主要是晚上自己掏钱去上学
__44 chiefly__(chief) by going to school in the evening at their own __45 expense__(expensive).

美国人也花了很多时间来满足社区的需求，
Americans also devote a lot of their time to the needs of their communities,

通常没有任何报酬。他们为什么要这么做?
often without any pay. Why do they do it?


        有几个答案。
        There are several answers.

为了所有人的利益而相互合作、分担责任的理念、这个理念就像这个国家本身一样古老。
The idea of __46 cooperating__( cooperate) and sharing responsibility with one another for the benefit of all is as old as the country itself.

1776年美国建国时，
When the country was first __47 founded__(found) in 1776,

移移民们必须一起工作才能生活。
it was necessary for the settlers to work together to live.

他们为了政治和宗教自由，冒着一切危险横渡了危险的海洋
They had crossed dangerous seas and risked all they had for political and __48 religious__(religion) freedom.

的确，有些人利用闲暇时间，是因为他们真正对工作感兴趣;
It is true that some people use their leisure because they are __49 truly__(true) interested in the work;

或者他们正在从经验中学习。
or that they are learning from the experience.

无论什么原因，成千上万所谓的闲暇时间都投入到了努力中，
No matter what the reason is,hundreds of thousands of so called leisure hours are put into hard,

为一个或另一个社区的需求无偿工作。
__50 unpaid__(pay) work on one or another community need.

旅游景点简介
A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction

        亲爱的朋友们，请大家注意一下?
        Dear friends, may I have your attention, please?

首先，欢迎您来中国旅游，感谢您对我们旅行社的信任。
First, welcome to China for a visit, and thank you for trusting our travel agency.

我是你们的导游，王骄。
I' m your tour guide, Wang Jiao.

你可以叫我小王，或琳达，这是我的英文名字，随你的便。
You may call me Xiao Wang, or Linda, which is my English name,as you wish.

我会尽我最大的努力使你的旅行尽可能愉快和有意义。
I'll do my best to make your trip as pleasant and meaningful as possible.


        现在，让我们分享一下我们的日程安排。
        Now, let’s share our schedule.

我们要去参观的地方是长城，
The place we are going to visit is the Great Wall,

这是最完整和保存最好的历史旅游景点。
which is the most complete and best preserved historic tourist attraction.

它是我们中华民族精神的象征。
It is the symbol of our Chinese national spirit.

幸运的是，今天将有一些中国传统文化表演。
Fortunately, today there will be some Chinese traditional cultural performances there.

你可以看中国功夫，
You will be able to watch Chinese Kongfu,

中国杂技、龙狮表演。
Chinese acrobatics, and dragon-lion performance.

我们将在长城上停留三个小时，
We will stay on the Wall for three hours,

这样你就有足够的时间观看表演，
so you will have enough time to watch performance,

爬到山顶拍照。
climbing to the top and taking your photos.

中国有句古话:
In China, there is an old saying:

不到长城非好汉。
He who doesn't reach the Great Wall is not a true man.

所以，好好享受你做真男人的日子吧，
So, please enjoy your day of being true men,

谢谢你
thank you!